A double ambiguity has been charged against Rawls’s difference PRINCIPLE (DP). Is it Maximin, Leximin, or something else? Usually, following A. Sen, scholars identify DP with the so-called Leximin. One argues here that one has to distinguish 1° the Leximin, 2° the Maximin (as rule of justice formally analogous to the maximin rule of decision), represented by the figure in L of the perfectly substitutable goods, and 3° the genuine DP. When the augmentation of inequality benefits the worse off, only Pareto-strong improvements are permitted. Leximin would also permit Pareto-weak improvements too (after the first maximum D), where only the richest improves: from (2, 3) to (2, 5), say. This is forbidden by DP. With two classes, unlike Maximin, DP has no curve of indifference and is always decisive, as Leximin is. For undecisive Rules of Justice, which admit indifferent curves, I propose to add a lexically secondary rule, to break ties. That move is able to clarify the links and the differences between on the one hand Maximin alone, with its typical indifference curves in L, and on the other hand, the DP properly understood and the Leximin, which both have no indifferent curves. With two classes of persons (best off/worse off), DP appears more egalitarian than Leximin, because it's secondary rule is MinIn (Minimization of Inequality). But the intuition behind the distinction is that it cannot possible “fair” that only the best off improves in a productive social cooperation.

In this article, an attempt has been made to estimate the amount of sound transmission LOSS in a flat oval channel by applying the approach of statistical energy analysis. Correct estimation of sound transmission LOSS in an air conditioning channel is of great importance due to the harmful effects of noise pollution in the environment on human health. Simulation with the statistical energy analysis method is a powerful approach to estimate sound and vibration in problems in which we deal with complex and multi-part systems; is considered. In this method, first, a system is divided into several subsystems, and then by writing a matrix equation that includes the energy exchanges between subsystems and energy LOSS coefficients; It is investigated from the perspective of vibration and sound estimation.On average, the model presented in this research is able to estimate the sound transmission LOSS in different dimensions of the air conditioning channels according to the experimental results in the accuracy range of ± 2.5 dB. Considering that it seems that the results obtained from modeling with this method are in good agreement with the experimental data; The results of this research can be used as an efficient approach to estimate noise in oval shaped channels stretched in different lengths.

In Iran, many years before the advent of Islam, attention has been paid to trade and sea power. In Islam, since the early years, this importance has been accompanied by ups and downs during the time of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and after him. In this research, this trend has been investigated and analyzed in the form of the theory and jurisprudential rule of the NEGATION of the mustache. The question that is raised is, what is the role of Iranian-Islamic naval power based on the jurisprudential rule of Nefi Sebil? The obtained results show that both in the ancient period and in the Islamic period, attention was paid to the capacity and power of the sea, and during this period, attention was sometimes paid to the NEGATION of the mustache and the lack of dominance and superiority of foreigners in this geographical area. The method of conducting this research is descriptive-analytical and library method. In this regard, researches and articles have been carried out, and the superiority of this research is the integration of the sea power of Iran and Islam and its reliance on the jurisprudential rule of NEGATION of the mustache, one of the important rules of NEGATION of the superiority and dominance of non-Muslims over Muslims, which in the period after the Islamic Revolution, is always It has been emphasized by the supreme leaders of the revolution.

  The “no LOSS PRINCIPLE” or the “PRINCIPLE of no harm” is an all-embracing PRINCIPLE in Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) that serves as a criterion for judgments on political and social issues. Despite consensus of Shia and Sunni jurists on the generalities and backbone of “no LOSS PRINCIPLE”, there is difference of opinion in interpretation of the traditions on this PRINCIPLE. This research work intends to analyze the views expressed on this PRINCIPLE by Sheikh Ansari, the founder of the School of NEGATION and Imam Khomeini, the founder of the School of Forbiddance. Following clarification and analysis of both views, we have studied the results coming from each theory and their application in Sharia law. In view of Sheikh Ansari and the majority of jurists, Islam has never issued a verdict that may impose harm on the servants of God. As a contemporary jurist, Imam Khomeini has reviewed “no LOSS PRINCIPLE” from various angles to present a new approach to the issue. In case of accepting Imam Khomeini’s view, the “no LOSS PRINCIPLE” is no more a jurisprudential PRINCIPLE; rather, it must be considered a political and state decree.

Background and Aim: Science of Molecular Biotechnology or genetic engineering. In addition has benefits and beneficial effects in in the various fields, also has many risks and LOSSes. This present study, the aim of explaining the rejection of according to the PRINCIPLE of the prohibition of LOSS, that it is of the essential PRINCIPLEs of Islam and all of human laws complex, has been done for use the benefits and positive effects of this science.Materials and Methods: In the present review study, using such keywords as genetic engineering, genetic manipulation, and its harmful and beneficial effects in different areas and the PRINCIPLE of NEGATION LOSS - in PubMed, SID, ISC and Google Scholar databases, the relevant literature were searched and analyzed. Ethical Considerations: Ethical PRINCIPLEs were observed in searching and analysis of texts and citations.Findings: In the present study, after review of the definition of genetic manipulation, history and its effects (benefits and LOSSes) and also the concept of LOSS and its evidence, the relevance of these new techniques and conflict and LOSSes that may result from is be analyzed with the PRINCIPLE of NEGATION LOSS and in each, the PRINCIPLE of the prohibition of harmless has been introduced as a flexible restriction PRINCIPLE and not as an absolute PRINCIPLE and without restriction.Conclusion: In summing the genetic engineering and its new achievements in the various fields with the PRINCIPLE of NEGATION LOSS in Islam, we will realize that, where this knowledge can be used in the service of humanity and not trample individual and social rights of human, this science is efficient and useful of course and also will not conflict with the PRINCIPLE of the prohibition of LOSS.

The term "NEGATION of NEGATION" is a description Meister Eckhart employs for the "hidden essence of divinity." Through a precise analysis of Eckhart's works, in which he addresses the concept of "NEGATION of NEGATION," it becomes clear that although Eckhart sometimes uses the term "the One"—borrowed from Neoplatonism—as synonymous with "NEGATION of NEGATION," his understanding of "the One" significantly differs from that in Neoplatonism. For Eckhart, "the One" is not only beyond "being" and beings, but also manifests as "NEGATION of NEGATION" throughout the world. Furthermore, a proper understanding of the concept of "NEGATION of NEGATION" can serve as the key to resolving many apparent contradictions in Eckhart's works or conflicting interpretations of his writings. One such contradiction is the issue of the relation of "being" to God. "NEGATION of NEGATION" teaches us that, for Eckhart, "being" holds two distinct meanings: in one sense, attributing "being" to God is permissible—though not ideal—while in another sense, applying the term "being" to God is nothing but error and a deviation from the truth.

There is a disagreement between Ibn Sina and Khadjeh Nasir in analyzing universally negative conditionals. Ibn Sina considers them as “NEGATION of necessity”, while the latter thinks of them in terms of “necessity of NEGATION”. Khadjeh Nasir emphasizes the difference between the two positions, and deems the former more general than the other one, but Qutb Razi claims that, according to Ibn Sina’s works, they are equal, despite their difference in meaning.The author in this article tries to show first, in the discussion between Khadjeh and Razi, Khadjeh Nasir is right; second, by reformulating Ibn Sina’s arguments, one can realize an important formal flaw in his analysis; third, Ibn Sina’s answers to this flaw are not acceptable; forth, one may find another answer to this problem by the help of Ibn Sina’s analysis, but it also falls short of resolving the issue. Therefore, the question remains open for further endeavors.

Purpose: To report visual and anatomical outcome of flap LOSS after LASIK surgery for correction of high myopia. Materials & Methods: Retrospective evaluation of flap LOSS in two eyes of two patients, a rare complication of LASIK Surgery. Case No. 1: 27 y/o woman with Ref. OD -9.75; 2.75*177 VA. CC: 20/60 KR OD: 41.86*77 39.86 * 168 & partial amblyopia due to anisometropia. Case No. 2: 38 y/o woman with Ref OD. -9.50 1.0*177 VA CC: 20/30 KR OD: 42.06*77 40.99 * 167. Results: In both patients during LASIK surgery free cap complication occurred and after Laser therapy free cap positioned over the stromal bed, but the next day after operation flaps were lost. For case NO.1only medical management performed and after 4.5 years F/U cornea has 2° central haziness. For case NO.2 another corneal flap from donor globe cut and sutured with Nylon 10/0 and after 18 months F/U cornea is clear. Conclusion: In patients with flat keratometry less than 41.0 Diopter rate of free cap are high and after laser therapy for high myopia the keratometry became more flat. If surgeon doesn't suture flap the rate of flap LOSS increase so for prevent of corneal haziness and corneal ectazia this evaluation suppose to perform donor corneal flap graft.      

Languages use different strategies for representing the concept of NEGATION. According to the typological approach of Payne (1985), we can classify NEGATION into two categories: sentential NEGATION and non-sentential NEGATION. The sentential NEGATION that has scope over the whole clause contains various possibilities like using affixes, NEGATION particles, negative auxiliary verbs, higher negative verbs, negative nouns, negative adverbs, and negative quantifiers. Non-sentential NEGATION is divided into two subdivisions, including derivational NEGATION and NEGATION in subordinate clauses. This descriptive study attempted to introduce the concept of NEGATION in the Persian language according to the natural language data using the Persian Proposition Bank and different examples in web pages. The findings showed that the dominant pattern of NEGATION in Persian is affixation, but other strategies of the sentential negating introduced by the Payne can also be found in Persian. The particle na ‘not’, main verbs such as xoddɑɹi kardan ‘avoid’, the auxiliary verb nakaɹdan ‘do not’, adverbs such as abadan ‘not at all’ and the negative quantifier hič ‘no’ are some examples of NEGATION possibilities in Persian. This study also showed that the occurrence of a negative verb or quantifier does not necessarily lead to a negative verb. 1. Introduction There are various possibilities for expressing the concept of NEGATION in different languages. Typological studies show that each language usually has a dominant way to negate the sentence and its component parts, but at the same time, it uses other possibilities. This study examines the concept of NEGATION in the Persian language according to the typological approach of Payne (1985) and attempts to find out what strategies we can use in the Persian language. 2. Theoretical framework According to the typological approach of Payne (1985), NEGATION is classified into two categories: sentential NEGATION and non-sentential NEGATION. The sentential NEGATION has scope over the whole clause contains various possibilities like using affixes, NEGATION particles, negative auxiliary verbs, higher negative verbs, negative nouns, negative adverbs, and negative quantifiers. Non-sentential NEGATION is divided into two subdivisions, including derivational NEGATION and NEGATION in subordinate clauses. 3. Methodology This descriptive study attempts to introduce the concept of NEGATION and examines how this concept is represented in the Persian language. This study is based on the natural language data using the Persian Proposition Bank (Mirzaei and Moloodi, 2016) and different examples on the web pages. The theoretical framework of this study is based on the typological approach of Payne (1985) to the concept of NEGATION. According to Payne (1985), there are various possibilities for NEGATION like using affixes, NEGATION particles, negative auxiliary verbs, higher negative verbs, negative nouns, negative adverbs, negative quantifiers, and also derivational NEGATION and NEGATION in subordinate clauses as the non-sentential NEGATION. This study examines the natural language data to find these different possibilities of NEGATION in the Persian language. 4. Results & Discussion Persian Language as an analytic language uses specific grammatical words and function words, or particles, rather than inflection to express syntactic relations like modality, tense, aspect, voice, etc., within the sentences. But it seems that the dominant strategy to negate the verb is the use of the prefix na-, and conversely, the use of NEGATION particles is not very common in modern Persian. Moreover, intuitively, it seems that negative auxiliary verbs, negative verbs, and negative nouns as the different strategies to express the concept of NEGATION do not exist in the Persian language. Contrary to popular belief, this study shows that the Persian language like an analytic language uses some grammatical words to express the concept of NEGATION. In other words, the findings show that the common pattern of NEGATION in Persian is affixation, but the other strategies of the sentential negating introduced by Payne (1985) can also be found in the Persian language. The particle na ‘not’, negative verbs such as xoddɑɹi kaɹdan, paɹhiz kaɹdan, ɂemtenɑ kaɹdan ‘avoid’, etc., the auxiliary verb nakaɹdan ‘do not’, adverbs such as abadan, haɹgez, ɂomɹan, ɂaslan ‘not at all’, etc., and the negative quantifier hič ‘no’ are some examples of NEGATION possibilities in Persian. There are some points to note here. When the concepts of tense, aspect, mood, and voice are expressed using modal and auxiliary verbs, the negative prefix na-‘not’ has a definite pattern when negating the verb. The negative prefix na-is added to the future tense auxiliary verb xɑstan ‘want’ and the voice auxiliary verb šodan ‘become’. It also added to the verb itself when there is the past tense auxiliary verb bud ‘was’ in the sentence. When there are Modal auxiliary verbs like tavɑnestan ‘could’, bɑyestan ‘should’ in the sentence, the negative prefix na-can be added to the modal verb or main verb. The use of particle na ‘not’ belongs to colloquial and spoken language. There are at least two types of the particle na ‘not’, one which has scope over the whole sentence and the other one which has scope over the verb. In addition to NEGATION, the higher negative verbs also carry any inflections, indicating tense, mood, and aspect. The main predicate of the sentence appears as the complement of the higher negative verb. If a declarative and imperative sentence contains the negative quantifier hič ‘no’, we negate the verb by adding the prefix na-too, but in interrogative sentences, the verb can be in negative or positive form. 5. Conclusions & Suggestions The findings showed that there are three strategies to negate the verb or the whole sentence in the Persian language: 1. inflectional NEGATION, 2. analytical NEGATION, and 3. derivational NEGATION. These different strategies allow the language users to use diverse constructions based on different contexts and discoursal purposes. This correlation can be considered in future studies.